TNF and infection: In this study we have shown that macrophages isolated from M1-deficient mice following infection with HSV-1 secreted significantly more GM-CSF, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12 (p40), IL-12 (p70), LIF, LIX, IP-10, KC, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, MIG, RANTES (CCL5), and TNF-α than did WT infected macrophages.