G6PD and anemia (phenotype): These results have potentially important implications for public health decisions, particularly for the treatment and prevention of malaria, as they support the roll out of primaquine, a drug associated with major anemia risk in G6PD deficient individuals, as radical cure for Plasmodium vivax and as transmission interruption for Plasmodium falciparum in East Africa, whereas G6PD genotyping before the initiation of 8-aminoquinolone therapy is warranted in South and West Africa.