HIF1A and type 2 diabetes mellitus: To fill the knowledge gap, we evaluate the possible impact of high altitude on innate immune response, and to assess the option to enhance the epithelial defense against invading uropathogenic E. coli in diabetes, we investigated the potential effect of activating HIF-1 under hypoxic and high glucose conditions in vitro as well as in diabetic mice and in patients with type 2 diabetes.