In patients with ulcerative colitis as well as colitis mouse models, changes in SCFAs concentration (in particular butyrate) are responsible for the activation of several pro-inflammatory pathways, including activation of the inflammasome (NLRP3) pathway with increased IL-18 secretion, increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-13 but also downregulation of NF-κB signaling, all of which have been linked to gut microbiota changes (4, 95). This evidence concerns the gene IL10 and colitis.