Consistent with our findings that Card19lxcn BMDMs are not defective in their ability to regulate proteolytic activity of caspase-1, CARD19-deficient cells released wild-type levels of IL-1 cytokines in response to S. Tm, LPS+ATP, or infection with the ΔyopEJK Yptb strain, which triggers a caspase-11/NLRP3-dependent pathway of IL-1 cytokine release [70,71] (Fig 6A and 6B). Here, NLRP3 is linked to infection.