Furthermore, adipocyte autophagy in T2DM occurs secondary to a reduction in mTOR and insulin signaling: in patients with T2DM, a poorer response to IRS1 results in mitochondrial damage and the upregulation of autophagy, and this is associated with mTORC1 inactivation (Ost et al., 2010). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.