Moreover, the production of TGFβ, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), growth arrest-specific protein 6 (GAS6), fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) promotes invasive and proliferative behavior in cancer cells (Sahai et al., 2020). Here, GDF15 is linked to cancer.