Moreover, the authors’ previous studies have demonstrated that alcoholic steatosis is exacerbated through CB1R activation in hepatocytes by 2-AG produced from HSCs.7,10 CB1R is also expressed in cholangiocytes, or bile duct epithelial cells, which are related to the pathophysiology of liver cirrhosis and primary biliary cirrhosis.31 Furthermore, several studies have identified the close association of CB2R expressions in hepatic nonparenchymal cells and NAFLD progression, but detailed mechanisms have yet to be investigated. Here, CNR1 is linked to primary biliary cholangitis.