NEFL and Alzheimer disease: Although amyloid-beta and tau proteins are widely regarded as useful diagnostic biomarkers of AD, tau proteins increase only in specific neurodegenerative diseases such as AD and unaltered in other neurological diseases that are clearly neurodegenerative, such as tau-negative FTD caused by granulin or C9orf72 mutations (Foiani et al., 2018) where, by contrast, CSF and serum neurofilament light chain (NfL) fragment levels are more than 8 times higher in patients than in pre-symptomatic carriers or healthy controls (Meeter et al., 2016).