CSF and plasma NfL levels were elevated in HIV infection, especially in HIV-associated dementia (44-fold increase for CSF NfL, 16185 vs. 363 nmol/L in HIV-negative controls), and is markedly reduced after antiretroviral treatment-induced viral suppression (Abdulle et al., 2007; Jessen Krut et al., 2014; Gisslen et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene NEFL and HIV infectious disease.