Whereas most mutant forms of LDLRAD3 promoted SINV–VEEV infection, several (including G33D, M36T, P44R and D57V) did not support infection even though the proteins were expressed on the cell surface at similar levels compared to the WT form of LDLRAD3 (Fig. 3a, b and Extended Data Fig. 4). This evidence concerns the gene LDLRAD3 and infection.