LDLRAD3 and infection: To assess our model, non-conservative point mutations were introduced throughout D1 of LDLRAD3 and used for complementation experiments in mouse Neuro2a cells lacking Ldlrad3 (∆Ldlrad3) and glycosaminoglycan (∆B4galt7) expression1; we performed these experiments in cells lacking glycosaminoglycans to minimize background infection, as some alphaviruses also attach to cells through engagement of heparan sulfate moieties17,24,25.