Liu and colleagues reported that thalidomide is capable of inhibiting TGF-β1-mediated non-Smad ERK1/2 signaling pathways [42], while other studies demonstrated that thalidomide can exert its effects via inhibition of the TGF-β1 signaling pathway in an animal model of liver cirrhosis [43] and alveolar epithelial cells [44]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cirrhosis of liver.