For people reporting kidney disease (n = 5 in the sample), by contrast, all NGAL values were significantly elevated compared to people not reporting disease (samples A–D: kidney disease, 119.2, 160.0, 110.5, and 426.0; no kidney disease, 30.8, 26.1, 35.0, and 19.4). Here, LCN2 is linked to kidney disorder.