Furthermore, we observed a positive correlation between the levels of active PAR-1 expression and smoking habit (pack-years) in COPD smokers, and smoking cessation influenced the reduction of the PAR-1 mRNA transcript in the micro-dissected epithelium of frozen sections from the central airway of COPD smokers, rather than from the central airway of COPD ex-smokers. The gene discussed is F2R; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.