Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is associated with inflammation, tissue fibrosis, cancer-related metastasis, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression, while activating other signaling pathways, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and protein kinase B (Akt) signaling [147]. Here, AKT1 is linked to cancer.