ABCB1 and cancer: Among the metabolic intermediates of glycolysis, fructose-1, 6 bisphosphate enhances the antiapoptotic effect in cancer cells by reducing the release of cytochrome C [34], while pyruvate facilitates chemoresistance by overexpression of p-glycoprotein, leading to the export and import of lactate as the product of pyruvate oxidation [35].