TNF and intervertebral disk degenerative disorder: As for the inflammatory response during IDD, IVD resident cells and immune cells release several proinflammatory cytokines including, but not limited to, IL-1b, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interferon-c, and prostaglandin E2 causing ECM breakdown, neoangiogenesis, and the stimulaton of additional cytokines [237,238,239].