TNF and glioma: In this context, Yang et al. [117] demonstrated that the treatment with GSC-derived EVs modulated the inflammatory response of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia cells, inducing them to secrete IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and cytokines, known to be involved in glioma growth, angiogenesis, and resistance to chemotherapy, radiation, and apoptosis [118].