After the injury and viral infection, macrophage NLRP3 inflammasomes secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18), followed by fibroblast proliferation and ECM synthesis induced by the myofibroblast NLRP3 inflammasome and finally, the epithelial cell NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to EMT, that contributes to fibrogenesis via interaction with TGF-β1 [104]. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and viral infectious disease.