APP and Alzheimer disease: APP/PS1 transgenic mice co-expressing Swedish mutant human APP695 and mutant human presenilin 1 (PS1) (in which exon 9 is deleted) [25] exhibit pathological and behavioral changes similar to AD, including amyloid in the brain accumulation of plaques, degeneration of the cholinergic system, and impaired exploratory behavior and spatial memory [26].