TNF and Cowden disease: In a spontaneous mouse model closely resembling human CD, the SAMP1/YitFc (SAMP) model of CD-like ileitis, administration of a multispecies compound of probiotics at a high dose before the onset of intestinal disease effectively prevented intestinal inflammation by stimulation of epithelial TNF and a consequent permeability decrease, and interestingly, the preventive effect was abrogated by the administration of recombinant anti-TNF [60].