SPP1 and neoplasm: Moreover, the adipose tissue of obese patients present M1 macrophage, which will secrete tumor-promoting molecules, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IL-32, interferon (IFN)-γ, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), osteopontin (OPN), tenascin C (TNC), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 [47].