In pancreatic cancer, predominance of the TGFβ-driven, LRRC15+ CAF population correlated with poor outcome in response to immune checkpoint blockade [61], whilst a phase I trial of M7824, a bifunctional fusion protein designed to simultaneously target TGFβ signalling and PD-L1, showed promise in a small number of pancreatic cancer patients [105]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to familial pancreatic carcinoma.