PDCD1 and neoplasm: Recently, Joseph et al. demonstrated in three tumor models that concurrent combination of a 5 fluorouracil-cisplatin-based chemoradiation with a dual CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade was required to achieve an optimal anti-tumor effect and to establish a broad and long-lasting protective anti-tumor T cell immunity through the activation of CD103+ dendritic cells and intratumoral T-cell Th1 and TRM polarization [73].