In a study on the effect of OPN and the colony-stimulating factor-1/receptor (CSF1/CSF1R) pathway in HCC-bearing mice, Zhu et al. noted that anti-PD-L1 and CSF1R inhibition in mice with high OPN elicited potent anti-tumor activity and prolonged survival [136]. Here, CSF1R is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.