Furthermore, in a trial using a discovery cohort of 21 patients and a validation cohort of 61 patients with multiple cancer types (31% HCC), the combined expression of soluble PD-L1 as well as CCL5/RANTES was helpful in predicting improved disease control (AUC 0.722, p 0.003) [138]. The gene discussed is CCL5; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.