PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Jin et al., in a study conducted in China with patients with advanced NSCLC (n = 37) undergoing anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, reported that PFS was significantly prolonged in patients who maintained a high diversity microbiota when compared to a low diversity group (median PFS 209 versus 52 days, p = 0.005) and that microbiota diversity was a significant predictor of PFS (hazard ratio: 4.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.42–12.3, p = 0.009) [25].