TNF and neoplasm: On the other hand, the membranes of tumor cells killed by anticancer agents are exposed to CRT before PS is externalized, followed by the release of DAMPs (e.g., HMGB1, ATP, and annexin A1) and proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)) from immature DCs, and finally the engulfment of TAs and TAAs released from dying tumor cells by immature DCs.