For example, TNF-α overproduction — which can result from a deficit of anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) — could lead to adverse effects including worsened anaemia, weight loss and survival in the mouse model (Omer and Riley, 1998; Li et al., 2003; Long et al., 2006; Long et al., 2008). Here, IL10 is linked to anemia (phenotype).