IL6 and neoplasm: In the TME, lactate promotes proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF‐α, IL‐1, IL‐6, prostaglandins, and nuclear factor‐κB; enhances immune‐suppressive cells, such as myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and dendritic cells (DCs); inhibits cytolytic cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes (CTLs); recruit tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) and promotes their conversion into immunosuppressive phenotype.34, 35, 36