Notably, the expression of DNAAF4 (Dynein Axonemal Assembly Factor 4), mutations and translocations in which have been associated with deficits in reading and writing65–67, was downregulated by HMGB1 in AD-iPSC neurons, whereas components of the cilia, such as CCDC114 (coiled-coil domain-containing protein 114), and DNA2 (DNA replication ATP-dependent helicase/nuclease DNA2) were upregulated. Here, HMGB1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.