HMGB1 and Alzheimer disease: To select the HMGB1 concentration for the U2OS cell cultures, we evaluated the HMGB1 concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of human AD patients (n = 56) via ELISA and determined that the CSF HMGB1 concentrations ranged from 11 pg/mL to 13.7 ng/mL, mean = 936 pg/mL37.