Regarding biomarkers assessed multiple times during pregnancy, most of them were found to increase during pregnancy either exclusively or more often in GDM vs NGT, especially those related to inflammation (TNF-A, IL-10, CRP) [22, 26], per/oxidation (PCO, AOPP, 8ISO) [30], lipid concentration (TC, LDL, V-LDL, TG) [26], vascular damage (TMAO) [25] and metabolism (Preptin, Leptin, AFABP, LCPUFAs) [19, 21, 23]. Here, TNF is linked to gestational diabetes.