In 2015, a study of MSCT in a murine AD models [132] found that systemic subcutaneous administration of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2)-activated hUCB-MSCs as a xenograft had a powerful therapeutic benefit in AD and inhibited the infiltration and degranulation of mast cells via increased production of PGE2 and TGF-β1. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and Alzheimer disease.