A heatmap of the 110 CpGs shows overall lower methylation of these CpGs in tumors compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues (Fig. 5B): the top five hypermethylated genes were GLRX, WNT9B, SEPT9, KIAA00284, and PPYR1, and the top five hypomethylated genes were KIAA0748, PAEP, PCDH15, PTPRN2, and DUSP27 (Additional file 11: Table 11). Here, PTPRN2 is linked to neoplasm.