Moreover, miR-103 can prohibit cell proliferation, reduce tumor volume and weight, and increase apoptosis in NSCLC, while targeting MAP2K2 which is a member of MAPK signaling cascade and also a RAS downstream signaling pathway regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival by ERK1/2 activation [45]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.