OAS1 and infection: Also, the expression levels of SOCS-1, PKR, and OAS1 mRNA were higher in D3-MDMs than in MDMs when matching infection rate conditions were done (e.g., MDMs MOI 3 vs. D3-MDMs MOI, Fig 6D, 6E and 6F), suggesting a direct effect of VitD3 on the regulation of these genes in D3-MDMs.