To examine whether the direct effects of IFN-γ on Paneth cells are responsible for Paneth cell loss during acute gastrointestinal infection, mice with an intestinal pan-epithelial cell- or Paneth cell-restricted deficiency in IFN-γRII were generated by crossing Vil1-Cre or Defa4IRES-Cre (Paneth cell-specific, PC-Cre) mice, respectively (Burger et al., 2018), with Infgr2 flox/flox mice (Tcyganov et al., 2021) and orally infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Here, VIL1 is linked to digestive system infectious disorder.