MTOR and epilepsy: We recommend sequencing of GATOR1 genes during presurgical evaluations in those with non-lesional or FCD-related DRE for the following reasons: identification of a GATOR1 mutation may point to an occult underlying MCD in apparently non-lesional epilepsy; mTOR pathway mutations are associated with good surgical outcomes129; and mTOR inhibitors may offer an alternative therapeutic option, particularly in individuals with multifocal epilepsy, inoperable lesions or persistent seizures after surgery (Fig. 3).