Increasing evidence has established that PsO, PsA, and atherosclerosis involve the same T-cell–mediated inflammatory pathways, specifically T-helper 1 and T-helper 17 cascades (82), with release of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., INFγ and TNF), which are involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques in the systemic vasculature. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and atherosclerosis.