PDK4 and Insulin resistance: After 14 days of exposure, increased expression of genes associated with insulin resistance includes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1) mRNA, pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 4 (PDK4) mRNA, glucose-6-phosphatase mRNA, and fatty acid synthase mRNA, and decreased response of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3β) to insulin all indicated insulin resistance (Kozyra et al., 2018).