Independent of PPAR-γ activation, there is evidence indicating the suppression of the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) after the administration of PGZ, exemplifying an anti-angiogenic effect on pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and colon cancer cells in vivo (86, 87). This evidence concerns the gene PTGS2 and colonic neoplasm.