TNF and neoplasm: Moreover, we revealed that DPP-4i triggered ROS-NF-κB-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation in BC cells, leading to increase in inflammation cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), IL-1β and IL-33, and MDSCs inductors granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), G-CSF, and M-CSF, which play a crucial role in the remodeling of tumor immune-suppressive microenvironment.