Indeed, it has been shown that tumor-intrinsic PD-L1 can regulate IFN-γ-induced apoptosis, DDR, RT and chemotherapy resistance, and effects on Ras/Mek/ERK, PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT (94, 99–101); which, altogether may create treatment-exploitable immune signaling effects. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.