In addition to inactivation of PD-1+ anti-tumor immune cells, tumor PD-L1 also mediates diverse cell-intrinsic functions that increase cancer virulence, including mTORC1 promotion and autophagy suppression (92–94), that can not only alter immune infiltrates and enable immune escape (94–98), but may also play a role in response to DNA-damaging therapies. Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.