TGFB1 and neoplasm: However, RT and the resultant tumor cell death can also potentiate immunosuppressive TMEs, as studies have shown that radiation can induce lymphopenia, immune dysfunction through release of immunosuppressive cytokines (TGF-β, IL-10) and chemokines, and induction of immunosuppressive immune cells including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), T regulatory cells (Tregs), which can all result in immune escape and tumor progression (62, 66).