INS and hyperinsulinism: However, redox stress, ER stress, and age-related metabolites impair insulin signaling via JNK, IKK, and PKC pathways in metabolically active organs, leading to insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia through Akt/FoxOs axis upregulation, which we defined as “aging metabolism or senometabolism” meaning metabolic changes in aging process.