TLR9 and infection: There were no changes in TNF-α production noted for the study groups following TLR7/8 stimulation of pDCs (Figure 5B), however, production of TNF-α following TLR9 stimulation was lower in HIV infected hyperacute treated group at 1-month (p=0.036) and in the untreated group at 1-month (p=0.054) and at 12-months (p=0.019) post-infection (Figure 5C).