1cDCs increased in the heart of HF mice. Splenectomy ameliorated cardiac remodeling and inflammation. Adoptive transfer of HF mouse splenocytes induced cardiac remodeling (46).2 Depletion of DCs deteriorated heart function and ventricular remodeling with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokines in MI (57).3G-CSF improved, but GM-CSF aggravated, early ventricular remodeling in MI rats (58). The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is myocardial infarction.