ASAH1 and infection: To further analyze the role of AC inhibitor KH7 and PDE4 inhibitor Rolipram in the context of phagolysosome formation with respect to decrease or increase in the levels of intracellular cAMP, we pretreated cells with these inhibitors prior to infection with non-pathogenic M. smeg or pathogenic M. bovis BCG or M. tb. It was observed that phagolysosome formation majorly occurred in the case of M. smeg infection, and inhibition of PDE4 by Rolipram to increase intracellular cAMP to some extent could not prevent this phagolysosome formation (Supplementary Figure 1E).