TNF and infection: This protein-protein interaction cascade could initiate infection through the activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), activating NF-κB which controls the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10 (Ngkelo et al., 2012).