AR and prostate cancer: Additionally, there exist other acting mechanisms, for example, anibamine exhibited anti-prostate cancer activity by binding to the chemokine receptor CCR5; fisetin inhibited tumor growth by downregulating the expression of NudC protein, MMP-2 and MMP-9; lycopene showed anti-prostate cancer effects by inhibiting androgen receptor element and signaling of insulin-like growth factor-1 (Afaq et al., 2008; Khan et al., 2008; Bureyko et al., 2009; Wertz, 2009; Zhang et al., 2010b; Chien et al., 2010; Suh et al., 2010; Tang et al., 2011; Holzapfel et al., 2013; Mukhtar et al., 2015).