HP and gastric cancer: The presence of spiral-shaped microorganisms in the human stomach was described more than 100 years ago by Jaworski.158)Hp was first identified in the human stomach in 1982 by Marshall and Warren.159) There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of chronic infection with Hp (Group 1).160,161) Chronic infection with Hp causes non-cardiac gastric cancer and low-grade B-cell MALT gastric lymphoma,160) while chronic infection with Hp CagA-positive strains is the strongest risk factor of gastric cancer.