TNF and Cachexia: Inflammatory cytokines are intimately involved in the initiation and progression of cachexia, with the upregulation of circulating proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 (IL-1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), as well as decreased anti-inflammatory mediators, including IL-10 [79].