CHI3L1 and infection: Additionally, in a cohort of 89 patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia the median YKL-40 was 342 ng/mL and was associated with in-hospital mortality [42], whereas in 289 hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia, plasma YKL-40 was higher in patients with severe infection and associated with short- and long-term mortality [43].